In the vast toolkit of journalism, few methods are as potent or controversial as undercover report, where journalists conceal their identities to expose misconduct, illegal activities, unethical behavior or societal issues that the public has a right (and often a need) to know about. From Nellie Bly’s asylum expose to recent investigations of corporations, undercover reporting has played a crucial role in the history of journalism and can be powerful in uncovering vital information that would otherwise remain hidden.
Yet the practice has developed a dubious reputation in recent years, with media researchers citing frivolous tabloid press hidden-camera stings, reckless risk-taking by inexperienced newsrooms and rare cases of entrapment as contributing factors. These concerns can be justified, but they also should point to the fact that undercover report demands a high level of responsibility and ethical consideration from journalists—and must never be used to undermine the very principles that journalism is meant to uphold.
When done responsibly, undercover reporting is a valuable investigative strategy that can reveal information of public interest and spur change. It is often a last resort, employed only when other methods have failed or may put the reporter in danger. This GIJN guide is a resource for reporters to consider their options and decide whether going undercover is the right approach for a story, while outlining best practices to minimize deception, respect informed consent and understand legal considerations. It also showcases great examples of impactful undercover reporting from around the world, and provides tips for making the most of this powerful toolkit.